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28 August 2025, Volume 51 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Materials Science and Engineering

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Corrosion resistance of Ni60/La2O3 directional structural coatings in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution DONG Wen-dong, HAN Yan-bing, ZHANG Peng, CHEN Shao-juan, LI Fu-shun, CAO Tian-xiang 2025, 51 (4):  1-6.  Abstract ( 111 )   PDF (4492KB) ( 79 )   Save A series of Ni60/La2O3 directional structural composite coatings with different contents of La2O3 were prepared by a combination of thermal spraying, remelting, and cooling techniques, with Ni60 as the base material and La2O3 as the additive. The electrochemical corrosion characteristics and immersion corrosion performance of the composite coating in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution were studied. The corrosion behavior of the coating in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution was discussed. The results showed that the corrosion of coatings in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution is an activation-passivation-hyperpassivation process. With the change of La2O3 content, both the charge transfer resistance and corrosion current density decrease first and then increase. Notably, the coating containing 1% La2O3 demonstrated the most favorable corrosion resistance, with a corrosion potential of －0.543 V, a maximum charge transfer resistance of 11 791.2 Ω·cm2, and a minimum corrosion current density is 3.775 × 10－6 A/cm2. EDS analysis showed that the surface of Ni60/1%La2O3 coating forms a dense uniform passivation film composed of NiO,Cr2O3, and La2O3, which effectively prevents the further penetration of NaCl solution. This passivation layer significantly enhanced the corrosion resistance of the coating in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of lattice structures of 3D printed preforms on compressive properties of SiC/Al-10Mg composites with interpenetrating network structure LI Qin-lin, LIU Hong-jun, WANG Qiong 2025, 51 (4):  7-14.  Abstract ( 57 )   PDF (5125KB) ( 34 )   Save The SiC preforms with three lattice structures (linear, honeycomb, grid) were fabricated using slurry extrusion 3D printing technology, and the SiC/Al-10Mg composites were prepared by combining melt infiltration technique. The compressive properties of the composites were mainly investigated. The results showed that the compressive properties of SiC/Al-10Mg composites exhibit significant anisotropy. The load-displacement curves of honeycomb structure and grid structure exhibit similar profiles, but differ greatly from those of rectilinear structure. Compressive brittleness is obvious in these composites. Along the height direction of preform printing, the composite with grid structure exhibits the highest compressive strength (519 MPa), whereas the composite with rectilinear structure displays the lowest compressive strength (396 MPa). Along the plane direction of preform printing, the composite with rectilinear structure possesses the highest compressive strength (556 MPa), whereas the composite with grid structure shows the lowest compressive strength (266 MPa). This indicates the mechanical properties of metal matrix composites with interpenetrating network structures can be effectively controlled by 3D-printed preforms with lattice structures. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of MOF-5@GO composite and its adsorption performance to CO2 XU Wen-wen, WANG Sheng, XIA Wen-ke, CHEN Xi 2025, 51 (4):  15-21.  Abstract ( 94 )   PDF (4085KB) ( 46 )   Save The acceleration of industrialization has led to a continuous increase in CO2 emissions, resulting in a profound impact on global climate change. Developing efficient CO2 adsorbents is great significance for reducing industrial emissions and atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been extensively studied due to their high specific surface area and tunable pore structures. However, pure MOFs often suffer from insufficient stability in practical applications. Graphene oxide (GO), on the other hand, is highly regarded for its excellent mechanical properties and chemical stability. In this study, a composite material of metal-organic framework (MOF-5) and graphene oxide (GO) was successfully synthesized via solvothermal synthesis. Comprehensive structural and morphological characterizations of both the parent materials (MOF-5 and GO) and the nanocomposite were conducted using XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption techniques. The CO2 adsorption performance of these materials was also tested under dynamic conditions to evaluate their potential for practical applications. The results showed that the composite material exhibit a unique layered structure and retained the original characteristics of MOF-5 and GO. Compared with pure MOF-5, the CO2 adsorption capacity of the composite is significantly enhanced by 42.07%. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research of thermoelectric properties of a novel Janus single-layer material XTeSe(X=Zr/Hf) LIU Yuan-chao, GUAN Bin, LI Zi-shuo, LI Duan, ZHONG Jian-bin 2025, 51 (4):  22-32.  Abstract ( 50 )   PDF (6512KB) ( 35 )   Save Combined with Density functional theory and Boltzmann transport equation, the thermal transport, thermoelectric properties of ZrTeSe and HfTeSe of novel Janus single-layer materials were studied by first-principles. The results showed that the lattice thermal conductivities of monolayer ZrTeSe and HfTeSe at 300 K are0.004, 1.71 W/(m·K), respectively, and both decrease with the increasing temperature. From the contribution of each phonon branch to the total thermal conductivity, the longitudinal acoustic (LA) branch plays an important role in the thermal conductivity. The strong scatterings between their respective acoustic-optical branches lead to their lower lattice thermal conductivities. The ZT values of monolayer ZrTeSe and HfTeSe doped with two kinds of carriers (p-type and n-type) show peak values at 300 K. Specifically, the highest ZT values under p-type doping reach 1.82 for ZrTeSe and 1.22 for HfTeSe, while under n-type doping, the highest ZT values are 0.82 and 0.90, respectively. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Mechanical Engineering and Power Engineering

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Fault named entity recognition based on multi-headed self-attention mechanism WANG Jiang, YAN Chang-feng, LU Jia-wei, WANG Rui-min, ZHANG Yong-ming 2025, 51 (4):  33-42.  Abstract ( 62 )   PDF (2830KB) ( 24 )   Save In the process of building a knowledge graph of fault diagnosis for turbine generator set, there are some problems, such as a lack of the open named entity annotated corpus datasets, the multiple source heterogeneity of the data in the casebook, and the difficulty of extracting association weight features for specialized vocabulary. This study constructs a named entity recognition annotated corpus dataset for turbine generator set fault diagnosis based on publicly available information of turbine generator set fault cases. Additionally, a named entity recognition method that integrates multi-headed self-attention and BERT-BiLSTM-CRF is proposed. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively identify fault entity categories in specialized fields, which is significantly better than other traditional named entity recognition methods. Therefore, it provides a guarantee for the establishment of a fault diagnosis knowledge graph and an intelligent auxiliary decision system for the turbine generator set. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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UAV mountain cruising based on an improved salp swarm algorithm XIE Xiao-zheng, DU Min, ZHANG Zi-jian, ZHAO Wei-ji 2025, 51 (4):  43-50.  Abstract ( 43 )   PDF (3428KB) ( 18 )   Save Aiming at the shortcomings of the salp swarm algorithm, such as low search accuracy, slow convergence speed, and poor stability of optimization, an adaptive inertia weight salp swarm algorithm based on chaotic mapping is proposed. First, Tent chaotic mapping populations are used in the initialization phase to make the search space more uniformly distributed. Then, logistic chaos is added to the leader position, while adaptive inertia weights are introduced to the follower positions, thus enhancing the diversity of the population. Finally, the food source is operated by Gaussian variation, which makes the algorithm jump out of the local optimum and improves the search accuracy. The improved salp swarm algorithm is evaluated through convergence curve analysis, function test results comparison, and algorithm ranking evaluation. The results show that the adaptive inertial weights salp swarm algorithm based on chaotic mapping has higher search accuracy, faster convergence, better optimization ability, and higher stability. In simulation experiments on planning optimal paths for cruising in complex mountainous areas, the improved algorithm outperforms thesalp swarm algorithm in terms of planning quality, path length, and solution stability, indicating its superior applicability for unmanned aerial vehicles path planning in mountainous environments. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical study of obstacle position on cavitation suppression ofcentrifugal pump ZHAO Wei-guo, ZHANG Jia-yu, LIU Jin-jing, WEN Tian-ming 2025, 51 (4):  51-59.  Abstract ( 48 )   PDF (6581KB) ( 71 )   Save In order to study the influence of obstacles placed at different positions on the cavitation suppression effect of a centrifugal pump, a low specific speed centrifugal pump with a specific speed of 32 was used as the research model. A method was proposed to place obstacles on the back of the blade on the basis of obstacles placed in the middle of the blade working face. Based on the modified SST k-ω turbulence model and Zwart-Gerber-Belamri cavitation model, the study on the cavitation suppression effect and mechanism of the obstacle structure on the blade face and back simultaneously were conducted. The results show that the best cavitation suppression effect is achieved when the obstacle is placed at 35% of the radius of the impeller on the back of the blade. The head and efficiency of the prototype pump and the optimal scheme are compared and analyzed. In the design condition, the head decreases by 1.32%, the efficiency decreases by 1.45%, and the breaking point head increases by 21.57%. The volume of cavitation in the impeller was significantly reduced after the obstacles were placed, and the reduction in the severe stage of cavitation was as high as 42.20%. At the initial and developmental stages of cavitation, the main frequency amplitude of pressure in the inlet and impeller passage is reduced, causing a small disturbance at the outlet position. The placement of obstacles not only improves the cavitation performance of the centrifugal pump but also helps to reduce turbulent kinetic energy loss, making the internal flow field of the centrifugal pump more stable. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on damage detection of wire ropes tower cranes ZHANG Dui-xue 2025, 51 (4):  60-65.  Abstract ( 65 )   PDF (2274KB) ( 27 )   Save The reliability of tower crane wire rope is directly related to the efficiency of the construction site and the safety of workers. In view of the existing problems of focusing on damage type identification while neglecting rope diameter measurement, leading to insufficient reliability and efficiency of detection, the study proposes a method of wire rope measurement and damage identification integrating binocular stereo vision imaging technology and a deep learning model. Firstly, a binocular stereo vision imaging device is installed on the crane wall of the tower crane, employing an NVIDIA B01 IMX209 binocular stereo vision camera to capture the rope damage images containing depth information. Subsequently, the depth information clustering method is used to carry out the precise segmentation of the wire rope, and the similar triangle principle was used to complete the rope diameter measurement and abnormal diagnosis. Finally, the segmented image based on depth information clustering is used to train the ResNet-50 model to diagnose the specific damage types of steel wire rope. The results show that the average accuracy of the proposed method is 94.64%, which is 15.01%, 28.06% and 18.73% higher than that of YOLOv8n, MobileNetV3-v8, and GhostNet-v models, respectively. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Chemical Industry and Light Industry

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Risk assessment of urban underground integrated pipeline corridor operation and maintenance based on AHP-cloud model LING Xiao, WANG Xia, GUO Kai 2025, 51 (4):  66-71.  Abstract ( 39 )   PDF (3801KB) ( 8 )   Save To ensure the scientific and reasonable operation of an urban underground integrated pipe gallery, a multi-dimensional risk analysis model combining the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and cloud model theory was proposed, considering the multi-level and complexity during operation and maintenance. The multi-level evaluation index system of the urban underground integrated pipeline corridor is established by the method of work decomposition structure. The AHP is employed to calculate the weight of each risk factor layer. Forward and backward generators are utilized to create evaluation standard clouds and a comprehensive evaluation cloud, which are then compared to obtain risk analysis results. The results show that the corridor body has a great influence on normal operation during the operation and maintenance period. Within the sub-test layer, the lack of legal regulations and the damage to the tunnel body structure have a higher weight. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Automation Technique and Computer Technology

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Economic optimal operation strategy for microgrids based on energy storage batteries and diesel generators LI Zhan-ming, WANG Ni-er 2025, 51 (4):  72-80.  Abstract ( 54 )   PDF (3132KB) ( 24 )   Save To improve the economic benefits of islanded microgrid with wind turbine, photovoltaic, diesel, and energy storage, an economic optimal operation strategy based on the dynamic alternate operation of two master power supplies, namely, the energy storage battery and the diesel generator, was proposed. First, based on the basic data such as renewable energy output forecast and load demand forecast, a reasonable operating mode is selected. A goal of minimizing the comprehensive operation cost of the system is established, incorporating factors such as fuel consumption cost, system operation and maintenance cost, and so on. Second, an economic operation optimization model for islanded microgrid is constructed, considering power balance constraints, and the distributed generation unit operation constraints. A model solution scheme based on the bald eagle search (BES) algorithm is proposed. Finally, the effectiveness of the optimal operation strategy proposed in this paper is verified by a case study, which can improve the economic benefits of the microgrid systems to a certain extent. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Intelligent microgrid collaborative adaptive elastic control under the denial of service attack FENG Yi-wei, JIA Wen 2025, 51 (4):  81-87.  Abstract ( 46 )   PDF (1951KB) ( 24 )   Save With the extensive application of distributed microgrid, the information transmission between its units is vulnerable to malicious attacks. Moreover, the means of attack tend to be intelligent and diverse, with continuous improvement of attack capability that can lead to space security accidents in microgrid, posing substantial risks. Facing its security problems, this paper proposes the distributed collaborative adaptive elastic control method in the presence of denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. First, based on the state space model of the distributed microgrid, the dynamic equation of the existence of the attack is obtained. Secondly, according to these dynamic equation, the cooperative controller in the presence of the attack is designed to synchronize the system states with the given reference value to some extent. In addition, the adaptive elastic protocol is designed to ensure bounded consensus of the system, achieving global voltage regulation. Finally, the proposed control method is validated through simulations, demonstrating its effectiveness and robustness compared to the common fuzzy PID control. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimal nonlinear Kalman filter based on local cognitive structure of long-term and short-term memory neural network CHEN Hui, HU Rong-hai, XI Lei 2025, 51 (4):  88-94.  Abstract ( 58 )   PDF (2318KB) ( 17 )   Save To solve the problems of inaccurate state space model parameters and poor filtering performance in complex nonlinear target tracking, an optimal nonlinear Kalman filter based on local cognitive structure using a long-term and short-term memory neural network is proposed. Firstly, in the framework of Bayesian filtering, long-term and short-term memory neural network is adopted to recognize Kalman gain, which approximates optimal Kalman gain in a data-driven way. It does not need to fully understand the underlying model parameters, and the extended Kalman filter can be performed in the nonlinear state with partial information. Next, an unsupervised off-line training algorithm is used, which does not need to provide real data, but calculates the unsupervised loss function according to internal characteristics of the observation at the next time through filter interpretability. Simulation results show that the proposed filter can significantly improve the performance in comparison with traditional filter when the parameters in nonlinear model are inaccurate. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Local differential privacy dynamic location protection method based on HMM YAN Yan, LI Jing 2025, 51 (4):  95-106.  Abstract ( 47 )   PDF (3310KB) ( 16 )   Save The existing localized differential privacy location protection methods mainly focus on protecting the static locations of users without considering the dynamic scenarios of location updating. Additionally, these methods often suffer from high algorithm complexity and low availability of perturbation results. In order to solve the above problems, a local differential privacy dynamic location protection method based on hidden Markov model (HMM) was proposed in this paper. Firstly, a time-series model and a privacy-preserving safe region based on the hidden Markov model and the privacy protection safety area were constructed by incorporating the spatial-temporal correlations of the dynamic changes of users’ locations, so as to optimize the local differential privacy perturbation regions after users’ location updates. Then, a hidden Markov model-based continuous perturbation algorithm and a random response mechanism of local differential privacy were designed to perturb the location points within the optimized region, realizing dynamically local differential privacy protection of users’ locations. Finally, experiments and analyses were carried out on the actual location trajectory dataset. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve better aggregation accuracy and statistical availability on the premise of realizing dynamic local differential privacy protection of locations. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on short-term traffic flow forecast based on attention-T-GRU ZHANG Xi-Jun, SU Jin, CHEN Xuan, SHANG Ji-yang, CUI Yong 2025, 51 (4):  107-113.  Abstract ( 47 )   PDF (2630KB) ( 15 )   Save Since some key road sections need accurate prediction results, the prediction modeling of a single road was carried out, and the adjacent roads in the same direction of the predicted road are selected for research considering the temporal and spatial correlation of traffic flow. First, a velocity matrix was constructed according to the correlation between the research road and its upstream and downstream roads. Secondly, the velocity matrix was input into the attention mechanism network to extract the spatial connection among the roads. Finally, the data output of the attention mechanism was decomposed into several sequences T, which was input into the GRU network to extract features, forming the short-term traffic flow prediction of the ATGRU (Attention-T-GRU) combination model. The proposed ATGRU combined model is verified by using the traffic flow data in Xi’an. The results show that the ATGRU model has a better prediction accuracy compared to models such as T-LSTM, CNN-LSTM and ACGRU. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Architectural Sciences

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Research on horizontal bearing capacity of pile foundation based on friction effect theory DUAN Xin-guo, ZHU Yan-peng, YANG Kui-bin, FANG Guang-wen, WU Lin-ping, SHI Duo-bang 2025, 51 (4):  114-121.  Abstract ( 44 )   PDF (5362KB) ( 57 )   Save As the main foundation form of large-scale buildings (structures), pile foundations must ensure deformation control and structural stability. The analysis of its horizontal bearing capacity is a key step in the design of pile foundations. Based on the pile-soil friction effect theory, the expression of the resistance bending moment generated by friction forces is derived by the m method. Considering the mixed boundary conditions of pile-soil contact interface, the governing equations of pile deformation and internal forces are derived. A horizontal bearing capacity calculation method—referred to as the fm-D method—is proposed, incorporating friction effects. The corresponding computational program was written in Mathematica. The correctness of fm-D method was verified by experimental conditions and engineering examples, followed by a sensitivity analysis of parameters such as friction coefficient and pile diameter to pile bearing capacity. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of concrete casting sequence on mechanical structural of composite curved beam bridge with corrugated webs ZHENG Zong-li, GUAN Hui-jun, GOU Xiang-wei, ZHANG Rong-ling 2025, 51 (4):  122-130.  Abstract ( 35 )   PDF (5390KB) ( 13 )   Save In order to study the effect of the concrete casting sequence of the bridge panel on the structural performance of the curved beam bridge with corrugated webs, this paper relies on a project in Gansu Province, selects three concrete casting sequences for comparison during the construction stage of the curved beam bridge with corrugated webs. The results indicate that, regarding vertical deflection, the distribution patterns of the bottom slab deflections of the inner and outer box girders are consistent under varying casting sequences. The outer box girder experiences greater deflection than the inner box girder. Casting concrete first at the support regions results in the minimum mid-span deflection and the most uniform bridge alignment. Concerning section warping deformation, the longitudinal warping deformation values of the steel box girder bottom slab at mid-span are minimal and show negligible differences across conditions. In terms of normal stress distribution, the upper flange and bottom slab of the steel box girder at mid-span are significantly affected by the casting sequence. For shear stress, no significant differences in web shear stress were observed among the conditions; the shear stress varies linearly along the web height, with consistent shear force distribution ratios among webs under different casting sequences. Additionally, the web bottom shear stress exceeds that at the top, and the shear stress gradient along the height of the outer box girder web is lower than that of the inner box girder web. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the calculation method of bearing capacity of compacted pile composite foundation based on area ratio LI Yun-yu, JIA Shi-ping, SU Tian-tao 2025, 51 (4):  131-136.  Abstract ( 41 )   PDF (1976KB) ( 13 )   Save Based on the reinforcement mechanism and bearing characteristics analysis of compacted pile composite foundation, the soil between piles was divided into different regions according to the compaction effect, the conventional area ratio method was improved, and a composite foundation bearing capacity calculation method that comprehensively considers the area of each compacted zone and the changes in soil bearing capacity was proposed. A theoretical model for the effective compaction zone radius was established by introducing the theory of circular hole expansion and Tresca yield criterion, and was verified by static load tests on a foundation treatment project in Lanzhou New Area, Gansu Province, China. The results show that compared with the traditional area ratio method, the improved method significantly improves the consistency between the calculation results and the measured values, verifying the accuracy and practical value of the improved method method, and providing a more reliable theoretical basis for the design of compacted pile composite foundation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the development characteristics and risk evaluation methods of geologic hazards in the Luming River basin SHAO Dong-qiao, ZHANG Wen-lun, ZHAO Lin, LIU Wen-di, LI Yong 2025, 51 (4):  137-146.  Abstract ( 30 )   PDF (7036KB) ( 6 )   Save The geological hazards are extremely developed in Luming River Basin of Xiangyun County, Yunnan Province, with complex topography, developed geological structure, fragmented rock and soil bodies, and strong human engineering activities. To explore a more precise method for assessing regional geological hazard susceptibility, danger, vulnerability, and risk, this study adopts a coupled model of analytic hierarchy process and information value (AHP-IV coupled model), building upon existing evaluation models. The results of the study show that the high-risk zones cover an area of 108.06 km2, accounting for 54.8% of the total basin area; medium-risk zones cover 7.90 km2 (4.01%), while low-risk zones span 81.04 km2 (41.14%). Model validation confirms that the coupled model meets the required accuracy standards. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Scientific

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Topological pressure for discontinuous flows ZHANG Jun-jie, LIANG Ya-li, WANG Wei 2025, 51 (4):  147-151.  Abstract ( 32 )   PDF (571KB) ( 16 )   Save Giving the definition of topological pressure on discontinuous semiflow andstudying its properties on discontinuous semiflow, these definitionsequalling to classical definition are proved in the case of continuous semiflow. In addition, topological τ-pressure is defined and its relationship with topological pressure on discontinuous semiflow is studied. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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K1,2-isolation number of maximal outerplanar graphs GAO Qiao-ling, AN Xin-hui 2025, 51 (4):  152-156.  Abstract ( 40 )   PDF (492KB) ( 10 )   Save A subset S⊆V(G) is a K1,2-isolating set, if R(S)=V\N[S] have isolated vertices and isolated edges only. The isolation number ι1(G) of G is the minimum cardinality of a isolation set of G. Based on the relationship between the number of bad vertices k and the number of vertices of degree 2, using mathematical induction on n+k, $\iota_{1}(G) \leqslant \frac{n+k}{6}$ is proved for the maximal outerplanar graph G, and the upper bound of K1,2-isolating number is further improved,where k is the number of pairs of consecutive vertices of degree 2 with distance at least 3 on the Hamiltonian cycle. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exponential attractor for degenerate parabolic equations with dynamic boundary conditions LI Xin, LIU Kong-yu, LIU Yang 2025, 51 (4):  157-165.  Abstract ( 39 )   PDF (564KB) ( 14 )   Save Different from the classical boundary conditions, the dynamic boundary conditions present fundamental challenges in studying the long-time behavior of the system because of their unique coupling. For the non-autonomous degenerate parabolic equations with dynamic boundary conditions, the existence of the pullback exponential attractor in a bounded domain was studied. The Lipschitz continuity of the solution process within the absorbing sets was established using the energy method. The solution process was decomposed by orthogonal projection, and the compressibility of the solution process of the non-orthogonal parts within the absorbing sets was proved. According to the existence theorem of the pullback exponential attractor in Banach space, the existence of the exponential attractor of the equation was obtained. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Transport of active Brownian particles in non-uniform cross channel networks ZHANG Ya-xi, ZHANG Peng-juan, ZHAO Guang-kuo, HAO Rui, WANG Peng, WANG Xu-ming 2025, 51 (4):  166-172.  Abstract ( 34 )   PDF (3993KB) ( 15 )   Save Focuses on the special structure of complex biological media such as tumor microenvironment and the transport characteristics of active Brownian particles in it, the microenvironment is abstracted as an asymmetric “cross” channel network. A stochastic dynamic model is established, dominated by a cubic potential field, periodic driving, environmental drag forces, and non-uniform channel obstruction. The random walk of particles on asymmetric channels is further analyzed. The simulation results demonstrate the characteristics of particle transport in a sub-diffusion manner, directional transport oscillating with time, and absolute negative current of the particles moving against the direction of the potential field force. Dynamics and correlation analyses are conducted to reveal the relevant mechanisms. References | Related Articles | Metrics