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28 August 2026, Volume 52 Issue 4 Previous Issue   

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Materials Science and Engineering

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The effects of cold-rolling annealing temperatures on the microstructure and in-situ tensile properties of 019Cr21CuTiNb stainless steel GAO Yang, SHENG Jie, XU Jian-lin, YANG Peng-hui, TANG Xing-chang, LI Yu-feng 2026, 52 (4):  1-9.  doi: 10.13295/j.cnki.issn1673-5196.2026.04.001 Abstract ( 20 )   PDF (6877KB) ( 21 )   Save To explore the evolution of the microstructure and properties of 019Cr21CuTiNb stainless steel under different annealing temperatures, tests were conducted at 930, 990 and 1 050 °C. Microstructure characterization revealed that as the annealing temperature increased from 930 °C to 1 050 °C, the tested steel maintain a single ferritic single-phase structure, grain recrystallization occur, the average grain size grow from 63.64 μm to 121.34 μm, the degree of homogenization decrease, and the number of recrystallized grains increase. This is because the increase in temperature promote grain growth, and the partial dissolution of niobium-titanium carbonitrides which affect the pinning effect on grain boundaries. Tensile tests showed that at 930 °C, the yield strength is 260 MPa, the tensile strength is 423 MPa, the elongation is 28.8%, and the hardness is 194 HV. As the annealing temperature rose, the yield and tensile strength decreased by 14.2 % and 5.9 %, respectively, and elongation increase by 22.2 %. Considering the comprehensive properties, 930 °C is more suitable. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The effect of WC/Cu on the corrosion resistance of Ni60 directionally structure coatings in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution ZHANG Zhi-xi, HAN Yan-bing, ZHANG Jia-yuan, ZHANG Peng, LI Fu-shun, DOU Xiu-wei 2026, 52 (4):  10-19.  doi: 10.13295/j.cnki.issn1673-5196.2026.04.002 Abstract ( 11 )   PDF (12262KB) ( 17 )   Save Ni60/WC/Cu directionally structured composite coatings were prepared using a combined process of flame spraying, induction remelting, and directional cooling. The electrochemical corrosion characteristics and immersion corrosion performance of the coatings was evaluated in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, and the corrosion behavior of the coatings was discussed.The results indicated that all coatings exhibit typical activation-passivation-transpassivation corrosion characteristics in the 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, with their electrochemical impedance spectra showing distinct capacitive behavior. The polarization resistance (Rp) and charge transfer resistance (Rct) of the coatings initially increase and then decrease with increasing Cu content (1 wt.%~5 wt.%), and the corrosion resistance of the coatings showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The 3 wt.%Cu/10 wt.%WC coating demonstrate the most positive corrosion potential (Ecorr), the lowest corrosion current density (Icorr), and the highest Rct. The dense and uniform composite oxide passive film is formed on the coating surface composed of NiO, Cr2O3, Cu2O, and WO3, which effectively prevent further penetration and corrosion by Cl－, enabling the coatings to exhibit excellent corrosion resistance in the 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Performance optimization and influence mechanism of rice husk ash-modified low-fines self-compacting concrete ZHAO Zhi-jian, FANG Hao, LIU Qian-long, LI Yong, ZHANG Jiang, LI Chen-guang 2026, 52 (4):  20-32.  doi: 10.13295/j.cnki.issn1673-5196.2026.04.003 Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (10708KB) ( 13 )   Save To promote the resource utilization of industrial waste and enhance the performance of road concrete, the effects of rice husk ash (RHA) on the performance of low-fineness self-compacting concrete (LF-SCC) for road applications were systematically evaluated. With cement replacement rates ranging from 0% to 50%, the workability, mechanical properties, and durability tests were conducted, and the mechanisms were explored through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The results showed that the 20% RHA replacement rate yield the best performance. At 28 days, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength are increased by 5.73%, 2.48%, and 2.50%, respectively. The chloride ion permeability reach an “extremely low” level, while water absorption and penetration depth are reduced by 75% and 60%, respectively. SEM and EDS analyses indicated that an appropriate amount of RHA promote pozzolanic reactions, resulting in the formation of large amounts of C—S—H gel, which significantly optimize the pore structure. MIP tests revealed that the total porosity with 20% RHA replacement rate at 28 days is only 5.34%, with the most probable pore diameter is reduced to 28.9 nm, and the proportion of harmful pores significantly is decreased. However, excessive incorporation of RHA lead to performance degradation due to the accumulation of unreacted SiO2. Therefore, the 20% RHA replacement rate is recommended as the optimal dosage. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Mechanical Engineering and Power Engineering

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Experimental study on the performance of zero-energy ecological toilet system LI Jin-ping, LI Xu-dong, ZHAO hong, NOVAKOVIC Vojislav 2026, 52 (4):  33-41.  doi: 10.13295/j.cnki.issn1673-5196.2026.04.004 Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (7413KB) ( 9 )   Save To address the inability of conventional toilets in cold regions to operate in winter due to freezing, as well as the difficulty of achieving reliable, continuous, stable, and harmless treatment of feces on site, a multi-functional zero-energy ecological toilet system is developed. The proposed system integrates solar energy collection, power generation, and constant-temperature anaerobic digestion for waste sanitization. Its operational performance is experimentally investigated and comparatively analyzed under three representative weather conditions: sunny, cloudy, and overcast. The results show that the electricity generation under sunny, cloudy, and overcast is 0.9, 0.7, and 0.3 kW·h, respectively, with corresponding photovoltaic conversion efficiencies of 10.9%, 11.2%, and 11.1%. The cumulative power consumption of the system is 1.85 kW·h. Under three working conditions, the effective heat gains of the solar vacuum tube collector are 5.6, 4.6, and 1.8 kW·h, with heat collection efficiency of 50.8%, 54.1%, and 46.2%, respectively. The average temperature of anaerobic fermentation digestion bag is 26.1, 26, and 25.5 ℃, while the average temperature of toilet room is 16.7, 15.9, and 14.6 ℃, respectively. Moreover, the system is estimated to save 1807 kg of standard coal annually, with an investment payback period of 7.6 years. These results indicate that the constructed zero-energy ecological toilet system is suitable for cold areas and can provide a new way for toilet renovation in cold and dry areas. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A small-sample bearing fault diagnosis method based on GASF and SqueezeNet XIE Xiao-zheng, HE Huan, DU Min 2026, 52 (4):  42-51.  doi: 10.13295/j.cnki.issn1673-5196.2026.04.005 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (6456KB) ( 10 )   Save A fault diagnosis method based on the combination of Gramian angle sum fields (GASF) image encoding and transfer compression neural network (SqueezeNet) is proposed to address the low diagnostic accuracy caused by insufficient fault samples under actual working conditions, as well as the low efficiency and high storage issues of large network models under limited computing power. Firstly, the GASF encoding method is used to transform the one-dimensional bearing signal into a two-dimensional image with temporal correlation, so that the data features contain rich and complete fault information even under small sample conditions. Next, the parameters before the global pooling layer in the pre-trained SqueezeNet on the ImageNet dataset are transferred to the new SqueezeNet, and Sgdm is used as an optimization algorithm to reduce training time and storage. Then, the transferred SqueezeNet is used to extract and classify features from the GASF images, ultimately forming a GSN fault diagnosis model. In order to verify the feasibility and superiority of the proposed method, datasets of different scales were selected for testing, and transfer learning comparisons were conducted with other advanced network models under the same conditions, as well as a comparative analysis with advanced algorithms. The experimental results show that the proposed method has a high fault recognition accuracy of 99.15%, while exhibiting and has stronger small-sample recognition ability and improved more efficient lightweight ability. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on lightweighting of wind turbine blade surface defect detection algorithm WEI Tai, LIU Yu-hang, XUE Wen-jie, CHEN Xue-you 2026, 52 (4):  52-58.  doi: 10.13295/j.cnki.issn1673-5196.2026.04.006 Abstract ( 9 )   PDF (3608KB) ( 15 )   Save Given the low accuracy and poor efficiency of manual and traditional automated detection algorithms for identifying surface cracks and exfoliation corrosion defects in wind turbine blades, a lightweight algorithm based on optimized YOLOv5s for surface defect detection in wind turbine blades has been proposed. This algorithm involves the creation of a dataset encompassing blade surface defects observed under various natural conditions. Ghost modules and Ghost Bottleneck structures from the GhostNet are integrated into YOLOv5s to enhance its capabilities. Soft Intersection over Union (SIoU) is introduced to improve prediction regression, with a focus on standard quality anchor boxes, bridging the gap between actual and predicted bounding boxes. This enhancement significantly boosts the accuracy of blade surface defect recognition and improves localization precision. Furthermore, the optimized model reduces parameters, computational load, and the weight file size of YOLOv5s by 52.6%, 51.6%, and 55.2%, respectively. The algorithm achieves an average precision of 88.3% in recognizing blade surface defects. Comparative analysis against Faster-RCNN, SSD, YOLOv4, YOLOv5s, and YOLOv8s algorithms reveals improvements in average precision by 34.2%, 36.5%, 24.5%, 1.9%, and 1.8%, respectively. The experimental results indicate that the algorithm successfully prevents both missed detections and false positives after optimization, while also improving the accuracy of target localization, making it more suitable for detecting surface cracks and exfoliation corrosion defects on blades under complex working conditions. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation of the mechanical characteristics of suspended tripod for the heat absorption tower WANG Qiang-bing, AN Yu-jun, SHI Cheng-long, SUN Yong-ji 2026, 52 (4):  59-65.  doi: 10.13295/j.cnki.issn1673-5196.2026.04.007 Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (5832KB) ( 13 )   Save To address the inaccuracies in strength and stiffness calculations for suspended climbing brackets caused by neglecting the elastic modulus of concrete, the static performance of a climbing-form bracket used in the construction of a solar absorber tower in Guazhou, Gansu Province was investigated here. By comprehensively considering the elastic modulus of concrete and multiple load cases, the static mechanical behavior of the bracket under reinforcement binding and concrete pouring conditions was analyzed using the finite element method. Results show that omitting the concrete elastic modulus leads to a maximum stress error of 23.8% and an overall stiffness error of 43.19%. Under the rebar tying, the symmetric load-1 condition is identified as the optimal load case, in which the axial forces of the tie bolts and diagonal members are uniformly distributed and minimized. Under concrete pouring, the skew-symmetric load-1 and Asymmetric load-3 condition were identified as the optimal load cases, with uniformly distributed and minimized axial forces in the tie bolts, diagonal members, and vertical tubes. This study provides a reliable scientific basis for safety assessments of the primary load-bearing structure in suspended tripod. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Chemical Industry and Light Industry

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An efficient protocol for the synthesis of furano [3,4-b] pyridine derivatives YANG Zheng, LIU Xue-jun, GAO Jiang, XIE Heng-shen, CONG Xing-shun 2026, 52 (4):  66-71.  doi: 10.13295/j.cnki.issn1673-5196.2026.04.008 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (2858KB) ( 11 )   Save By using 2,3-epoxypropan-1-ones and enaminoketone, a PTSA-promoted in situ ring opening-hydrogen migration/intramolecular cyclization reaction at 100 ℃ was developed in DMF, affording a series of furano [3,4-b] pyridine derivatives in 70%~78% yields. The structures of all products were characterised by IR spectra, 1H NMR and HRMS. In addition, single-crystal X-ray diffraction confirmed the structure of compound 3a. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Automation Technique and Computer Technology

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Robust security control of networked systems with hybrid attacks and access constraints ZHU Chao-qun, ZU Wen-bo 2026, 52 (4):  72-83.  doi: 10.13295/j.cnki.issn1673-5196.2026.04.009 Abstract ( 11 )   PDF (2807KB) ( 16 )   Save In this paper, the robust security control problem is investigated for networked control systems with hybrid cyber attacks and medium access constraints. Firstly, considering the pattern characteristics of hybrid cyber attacks and the stochastic communication mechanism of sensor access constraints, the networked systems are modeled as Markov jump systems with multiple modes. Secondly, sufficient conditions for the stochastic stability of the closed-loop systems are derived by utilizing Lyapunov stability theory and linear matrix inequality (LMI) techniques, and the robust security control strategy with the prescribed H∞ performance is developed. Finally, an illustrative example is given to demonstrate the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed control method. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on an adaptive integrated modeling method for quality prediction of finished gasoline blend for mulation LI Wei, MA Jian-ye, LI Ya-jie, LIANG Cheng-long, ZHENG Ming-jie 2026, 52 (4):  84-93.  doi: 10.13295/j.cnki.issn1673-5196.2026.04.010 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (2632KB) ( 14 )   Save A multi-model adaptive integrated modeling method was proposed to evaluate the quality of finished gasoline blend in order to avoid the batch effect. Firstly, the batch effect caused by the difference of origin attributes of main materials and the limitations of PRFCM clustering algorithm in the application of multi-attribute data analysis are considered. By focusing only on the nonlinear relationship between the key attribute variables in the formulation and replacing the Euclidean distance with the Mahalanobis distance, an improved IPRFCM algorithm is obtained. Based on this algorithm, the historical data are divided into batches in the offline stage, and the NGBoost algorithm is selected to build batch sub-models. The batch membership degree of the current formula is calculated in the online stage, and the IPRFCM-NGBoost integrated model is obtained by fusing each submodel as the weight coefficient, which realizes the dynamic adaptive prediction of the quality of the blended formula. The experimental results of industrial data show that IPRFCM has clearer batch division results, a more accurate fusion coefficient, and lower calculation cost for the multi-attribute problem in the quality prediction of blended formula. Compared with traditional machine learning or deep learning models, IPRFCM-NGBoost has better prediction accuracy and generalization ability, especially when formulation sample sizes are limited. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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BO-HKELM short-term power load forecasting with Informer integration BAO Guang-bin, ZHANG Rui 2026, 52 (4):  94-102.  doi: 10.13295/j.cnki.issn1673-5196.2026.04.011 Abstract ( 4 )   PDF (3980KB) ( 14 )   Save To address the challenges in power load forecasting, such as the inability of a single kernel function to adapt to complex data characteristics and the low prediction accuracy of long time series, a short-term power load forecasting method incorporating Informer’s Bayesian algorithm for optimisation (BO) and hybrid kernel extreme learning machine (HKELM) is proposed. Firstly, the random forest (random forest, RF) algorithm is used to perform correlation analysis of the load sequence, from which suitable feature matrices are selected and input into the Informer algorithm for modelling, thus improving the prediction efficiency of the load sequence. Secondly, the parameters of the HKELM model are optimized by the BO algorithm to further improve the prediction accuracy of the power load. Finally, the power load forecasting accuracy is improved by adopting a certain province of East China’s power load data from an East China. The simulation results show that the BO-HKELM network incorporating Informer outperforms other models in various error evaluation indexes, in which the MAE, RMSE, and MAPE are 32.43、49.23 and 0.19, respectively, and the prediction accuracy reaches 0.998 7. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Amdo Tibetan speech recognition method based on aggregation conformer multi-scale features ZHAO Hong, ZHA Xi-cao 2026, 52 (4):  103-110.  doi: 10.13295/j.cnki.issn1673-5196.2026.04.012 Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (2364KB) ( 17 )   Save To address the problem that existing speech recognition methods have insufficient multi-scale global dependent features and local detail feature extraction in Amdo Tibetan speech recognition, leading to the inability to effectively distinguish homophones and near-tone characters, this paper proposes a method based on aggregated Conformer multi-scale features for Amdo Tibetan speech recognition. Firstly, speed perturbation and spectral enhancement are employed to enhance data diversity. Secondly, a multi-layer Conformer encoder is used to extract multi-scale speech features, aggregating global dependency and local detailed representations. An attention-based statistical pooling layer is adopted to obtain weighted means and standard deviations of these features, allowing differential weighting of global and local characteristics. Finally, a joint decoding approach using CTC, and an Attention mechanism is applied to perform speech recognition. Experimental results on the XBMU-AMDO31 Amdo Tibetan speech dataset show that the proposed model outperforms the baseline Conformer model by 36.68% in terms of performance, effectively recognizing homophones and near-tone characters in Amdo Tibetan speech. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Architectural Sciences

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Simulation study on macroscopic and mesoscopic fracture mechanical properties of granite after high temperature treatment based on GBM REN Kai 2026, 52 (4):  111-121.  doi: 10.13295/j.cnki.issn1673-5196.2026.04.013 Abstract ( 5 )   PDF (11086KB) ( 13 )   Save In engineering projects such as deep geothermal exploitation and underground nuclear waste disposal, high temperature can induce the initiation, propagation, and coalescence of microcracks in granite, further causing safety problems such as surrounding rock instability and fluid leakage. Therefore, clarifying the mechanical degradation behavior and microcrack evolution of granite after high-temperature treatment is of great engineering significance. A grain-based model (GBM) and thermo-mechanical coupled discrete element simulation were used to conduct splitting numerical tests on cracked straight-through Brazilian disc samples. The microcrack distribution, mechanical response, and fracture evolution mechanism were analyzed. The results show that thermally induced microcracks are not obvious below 100 ℃, whereas the number of microcracks increases significantly and tends to coalesce above 500 ℃, indicating intensified thermal damage. With increasing temperature, the microcrack inclination distribution changes from concentrated to dispersed. At 600 ℃ and above, crack propagation tends to be isotropic, and the fracture path becomes more complex. The load-displacement curve gradually changes from brittle failure to ductile failure. At 700 ℃, no obvious post-peak drop is observed, indicating enhanced energy dissipation capacity during fracture. The fracture toughness decreases in three stages with increasing temperature, and 400 ℃ can be regarded as the critical temperature at which structural degradation shifts from slow deterioration to accelerated damage. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Calculation of embedded stability of narrow foundation pit based on energy method WANG Jin-ke, ZHANG Zhao, SU Tian-tao 2026, 52 (4):  122-129.  doi: 10.13295/j.cnki.issn1673-5196.2026.04.014 Abstract ( 5 )   PDF (3474KB) ( 14 )   Save To investigate the influence of excavation width on the embedment stability of retaining structures, the slip surface is assumed to be a combination of a straight line and a logarithmic spiral. According to whether the logarithmic spiral slip surface can fully develop within the excavation width, excavations are quantitatively classified into ordinary excavations and narrow excavations. The energy method is employed to derive the moments of active and passive earth pressures about the lowest support point of the retaining structure for both ordinary and narrow excavations, respectively. Based on these derivations, a calculation formula for the embedment stability factor of safety that accounts for excavation width is established, followed by comparative verification and parametric analyses. The results indicate that the critical width is influenced by both the layout of the retaining structure and the soil parameters. The proposed method, which incorporates the excavation width, yields results comparable to those of current code specifications for ordinary excavations; however, for narrow excavations, significant discrepancies are observed, and the difference becomes more pronounced as the excavation width decreases. Furthermore, the factor of safety obtained by the new method decreases with increasing distance from the lowest support point to the excavation bottom, while it increases with increasing soil cohesion, internal friction angle, and friction angle between the soil and the retaining structure. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Stability analysis of reinforced multi-stage loess high slope based on limit equilibrium method and finite element methods TENG Hong-wei, ZHANG Guo-hua, WANG Hong-wei, YANG Xiao-hui, HUANG An-ping 2026, 52 (4):  130-137.  doi: 10.13295/j.cnki.issn1673-5196.2026.04.015 Abstract ( 4 )   PDF (5455KB) ( 9 )   Save To investigate the differences among the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM), the Finite Element Method (FEM), and the Finite Element Limit Analysis Method (FELAM) in slope stability assessment, a remediation project of a multitiered high loess fill slope reinforced with a combined system of geogrids and frame anchor cables is taken as an example, and corresponding models are established using three numerical simulation software packages: SLOPE/W, PLAXIS 2D, and Optum G2. On the basis of validating the numerical models, a comparative analysis is carried out on the stability of unreinforced slopes, geogrid-reinforced slopes, and slopes reinforced with a combination of geogrids and frame anchor cables under self-weight conditions and rainfall conditions. The results show that the stability assessments obtained from LEM and FELAM are more consistent with each other, whereas the FEM-based results are more conservative than those from both LEM and FELAM. For slope stability evaluation and reinforcement design, a comprehensive analysis integrating multiple methods yields more thorough and reliable assessment outcomes. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on reinforcement effect of recyclable positioning grouting anchor pipe crossing shallow buried water-rich section of tunnel ZHU Sheng-xiang, ZHENG Xiao-jing 2026, 52 (4):  138-145.  doi: 10.13295/j.cnki.issn1673-5196.2026.04.016 Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (5741KB) ( 10 )   Save Taking two shallow-buried, water-rich sections of a tunnel with similar geological conditions as the engineering background, a recyclable positioning grouting anchor pipe was developed and applied to the second section after conventional pipe-shed reinforcement used in the first section proved ineffective in terms of both reinforcement and water sealing. During construction, advanced geological prediction radar images were used to assess the degree of rock-mass fragmentation after reinforcement, while construction difficulty was evaluated based on process duration and excavation conditions. The consolidation effect on fractured surrounding rock was examined through visual observations of the tunnel face and changes in the BQ value before and after reinforcement. Water-sealing performance was evaluated according to the water-outflow condition at the tunnel face and variations in seepage volume, and the overall stability of the surrounding rock was assessed through monitoring of displacements inside and outside the tunnel. A comprehensive comparison was conducted in terms of advanced geological prediction, construction process, rock-mass consolidation, seepage variation, and settlement monitoring. The results show that, compared with pipe-shed reinforcement, the positioning grouting anchor pipe can significantly reduce rock-mass fragmentation, improve the surrounding-rock grade, decrease internal and external tunnel displacements, shorten deformation convergence time, enhance water-sealing performance, and markedly accelerate construction progress. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on thermo-mechanical coupling characteristics and quantitative crack prevention of concrete dams considering construction information YANG Xing, WANG Jian, ZHANG Jin-xia, ZHAO Ya-kun, LU Xiao-bo 2026, 52 (4):  146-153.  doi: 10.13295/j.cnki.issn1673-5196.2026.04.017 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (5489KB) ( 11 )   Save To address the problem that research on temperature control and crack prevention of mass concrete dams is divorced from actual construction information, this study takes the flood discharge and sediment flushing bottom outlet dam section of a medium-sized concrete gravity dam as the research object. A three-dimensional thermo-mechanical coupling finite element model is established, incorporating four types of construction information (corridor plugging, overwintering insulation, surface insulation, and water pipe cooling) to accurately simulate the entire pouring process. By analyzing the influence of construction information on the temperature and stress fields of the dam, high crack risk areas are identified, and a quantitative reinforcement scheme is proposed based on the tensile stress balance method. The results show that the synergistic effect of the “internal cooling + external insulation” temperature control measures can reduce the average maximum temperature of the dam by 16.1 ℃ and the average maximum tensile stress by 33.6%. High crack risk areas are concentrated in the keyway, near the corridor, and the internal area of the dam without water pipe cooling; the stress concentration factor near the corridor reaches 1.5, and the tensile stress exceeds 3.5 MPa under natural conditions. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Mathematics and Physics

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Auslander conditions and cotilting-like cotorsion pairs WU De-jun, LIU Zhi-yang 2026, 52 (4):  154-158.  doi: 10.13295/j.cnki.issn1673-5196.2026.04.018 Abstract ( 2 )   PDF (447KB) ( 12 )   Save Assuming that $\mathscr{AC}$ is the class of left R-modules satisfying the Auslander condition, and $\mathscr{AC}$<∞ represents the left R-module class with finite $\mathscr{AC}$-dimension. The definition of cotilting-like cotorsion pairs is introduced through the definitions of cotilting modules and cotilting cotorsion pairs. With the concepts of Auslander-Gorenstein rings and Auslander-regular rings, there are some equivalent characterizations of cotilting cotorsion pairs and cotilting-like cotorsion pairs induced by $\mathscr{AC}$<∞ on an Artin algebra R that satisfies the Auslander condition. This leads to some criteria for the validity of the Auslander and Reiten conjecture, which says that an Artin algebra satisfying the Auslander condition is Gorenstein. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Quantum channel constructed from quantum Bernoulli noises TANG Yu-ling 2026, 52 (4):  159-165.  doi: 10.13295/j.cnki.issn1673-5196.2026.04.019 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (452KB) ( 12 )   Save A class of quantum channels based on a infinite-dimensional Hilbert space is constructed using quantum Bernoulli noises. Some basic properties of channels are discussed from the point of quantum probability theory. Then, a quantum-mechanical compound state of the input state and the output state generated by the quantum channel is constructed. Finally, the mutual information in quantum communication theory is defined by the compound state, and its fundamental properties are discussed, which proves that the compound state of quantum communication theory is reasonable. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Using LIBS method to measure the abundance of triggered lightning channel plasma GAO Zhao-guang, SHEN Xiao-zhi, QI Qi, ZHANG Hua-ming, WANG Hua-ying, SANG Cui-cui 2026, 52 (4):  166-172.  doi: 10.13295/j.cnki.issn1673-5196.2026.04.020 Abstract ( 5 )   PDF (2083KB) ( 11 )   Save The spectrum of artificially triggered lightning channel plasma in Guangdong, China was obtained using slit free spectroscopy technology. The main components of the channel plasma were determined to be N II, O II, Fe II ions, neutral N I, and O I atoms through spectral analysis. Based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), the abundances of N II ions and Fe II ions were obtained by 68.4% and 3.6%, respectively. On this basis, based on the Saha ionization equilibrium equation of atoms and ions together with the concentration ratio of nitrogen and oxygen gases in the atmosphere, the abundances of N I, O I, and O II in the triggered lightning channel plasma were determined to be 4.4%, 6.0%, and 17.6%. The current measurement results are in good agreement with other experiments. References | Related Articles | Metrics