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A machine learning methods for identifying the properties of Chinese medicinal materials from infrared spectrum data TIAN Chun-ting, ZHAO Ning, QIN Jian-wei, MENG Xiao-feng Journal of Lanzhou University of Technology    2023, 49 (3): 55-59.   Abstract （307）      PDF（pc） （2953KB）（710）       Knowledge map    Save There are great differences in the characteristics of near-infrared and mid-infrared spectra of different kinds of traditional Chinese medicine. Due to the different chemical components such as inorganic elements and organic substances, even if the origin of the same traditional Chinese medicine is different, the labeling effect under near-infrared and mid-infrared spectral irradiation will have different spectral characteristics which can be used to classify Chinese herbal medicine and identify the origin of Chinese herbal medicine. With the help of MATLAB software tool and K-means clustering algorithm in SPSS classification tool, unsupervised machine learning is carried out on traditional Chinese medicine to classify traditional Chinese medicine; Using SPSS neural network multilayer perceptron and the random forest algorithm provided by Python language, 70% of the data set is used as the training set and 30% as the verification set to train the supervised machine learning model which is finally used to identify and predict the origin of traditional Chinese medicine. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of high rate charge and discharge cycle on the electronic performance and thermal safety of lithium ion battery LI Dong-qi, ZHANG Qing-song, ZHENG Shao-shuai Journal of Lanzhou University of Technology    2023, 49 (3): 30-35.   Abstract （459）      PDF（pc） （2624KB）（654）       Knowledge map    Save Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in electric vehicles and various energy storage devices. In this paper, cyclic aging and thermal runaway experiments under different charge-discharge rates were carried out, and the effects of large-rate charging and discharging on the performance and thermal safety of single lithium-ion batteries were studied. The results showed that the actual capacity of single lithium-ion battery is attenuated under the large-rate charge-discharge cycle, and the degree of attenuation is positively relevant to the charge-discharge rate. With the charge-discharge rate increasing, the constant current ratio is stepwise attenuation, but the coulombic efficiency still maintains in the range of 99%-100%, indicating that the reversible performance of lithium-ion batteries is normal. With the increase of the magnification, the thermal runaway trigger time, explosion pressure and jet flame temperature first increase and then decrease. The average surface temperature of the battery during explosion is 655.8 ℃, which is close to the melting point of aluminum. The explosion injection powder products are mainly metal aluminum, graphite and lithium cobalt oxide. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fatigue strength analysis of high-strength bolts for tower flange of wind turbine LIANG Yuan, WANG You-liang, WEI Tai, LIU Jian-hui Journal of Lanzhou University of Technology    2023, 49 (2): 65-69.   Abstract （250）      PDF（pc） （1391KB）（637）       Knowledge map    Save An analysis method for high-strength bolts of wind turbine tower flange was established by considering the influence of external load on fatigue damage. Firstly, the maximum load section was determined with the aid of the tower equivalent model according to the damage parameters of the stress state on the connection section. Secondly, the external load on any sector of the tower was obtained by Schmidt-Neuper algorithm. Afterwards, the fatigue damage distribution model of high-strength bolts was established and the relationship between the external load and the internal stress of high-strength bolts was explored based on the finite element model. Finally, the optimal bolt pretightening force was determined with comparing the fatigue cumulative damage values with different bolt pretightening forces by considering the influence of pretightening forces. The results show that the positions of the maximum fatigue cumulative damage of flange bolts were －4.17° and 175.87°, and the bolt pretightening force was the most suitable value when the bolt pretightening force ratio was 70%. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dynamic output feedback control of cyber-physical systems under false data injection attacks ZHU Chao-qun, ZHU Yi-rong Journal of Lanzhou University of Technology    2023, 49 (1): 74-82.   Abstract （256）      PDF（pc） （1259KB）（622）       Knowledge map    Save In this paper, an H-infinity dynamic output feedback control strategy with attack defense ability is investigated to deal with the problem of security control of cyber-physical system (CPS) under false data injection (FDI) attacks, which is taken as a special kind of external disturbance. Firstly, the effect of FDI attacks in the measurement channel and random time-delay on the communication network is considered, and a closed-loop system model with FDI attack, random time-delay, and external disturbance is established. Secondly, the sufficient conditions for the asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system under FDI attacks are derived based on the Lyapunov stability theory, and then the design scheme of H-infinity dynamic output feedback controller by utilizing linear matrix inequality technology is presented. Finally, a simulation example is given to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Design of virtual and real interactive monitoring system for CNC machine tools based on digital twins HUANG Hua, LI Jia-ran, LI Dian-lun Journal of Lanzhou University of Technology    2023, 49 (1): 36-43.   Abstract （423）      PDF（pc） （5660KB）（612）       Knowledge map    Save Aiming at the problem that the actual operating status of CNC machine tools is not directly reflected by traditional monitoring technology and virtual simulation technology, a virtual-real interactive monitoring system for CNC machine tools based on digital twins technology is designed by combining the new generation of information technology and the concept of digital twins. In addition, taking a CNC machine tool as example, the system architecture and related functions are first designed through Portal software. Based on that, the information collected by the sensor is transmitted to the system through PLC and Ethernet for analog conversion; and the digital twins data in the system is connected with the digital twins to realize the reception and transmission of information, then the combination of virtual and real are completed through OPC-DA. Finally, this method is used to monitor the vibration signal of the machine tool in real time and design a remote control panel. The experimental results show that the system using the virtual-real interactive monitoring system and digital twins of the CNC machine tool to double monitor the machining process can reflect the actual operating status of the machine tool more effectively and intuitively. Meanwhile the digital twins is virtually controlled by the virtual-real interactive monitoring system, and the application field of digital twins technology is further expanded. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on noise addition and precision analysis in differential privacy WANG Xiao-shi, KANG Hai-yan Journal of Lanzhou University of Technology    2023, 49 (3): 94-103.   Abstract （269）      PDF（pc） （2751KB）（595）       Knowledge map    Save Differential privacy, as a definition of privacy protection with a strong mathematical background and rigorous mathematical derivation, has received great attention and has been widely studied. However, up to now, there is a lack of strict and clear proof and derivation processes for the definition of differential privacy and the basic mechanism used in China, which makes it difficult for scholars to get started. Therefore, in this paper, the Laplace and exponential mechanism in differential privacy are analyzed in detail by means of analysis, proof, and application examples, and a complete mathematical derivation process and application examples are given to address this gap. It is pointed out that there is a problem of excessive scaling in the accuracy formula of the Laplace and exponential mechanism. After proving the accuracy formula of Laplace and the exponential mechanism, the reason why this paper considers excessive scaling is given. It is not difficult to conclude from experiments that the Laplace mechanism precision formula and the exponential mechanism precision formula are formulas with an excessive range of accuracy. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Thermodynamical analysis of TiN precipitation in 21Cr ultra pure ferrite stainless steel SHENG Jie, WEI Jia-fu, MENG Ya-hui, LI Yu-feng, MA Guo-cai, LA Pei-qing Journal of Lanzhou University of Technology    2023, 49 (5): 1-9.   Abstract （299）      PDF（pc） （2905KB）（480）       Knowledge map    Save Number density and size distribution of non-metallic inclusion have important influences on processability and service behaviors of steel. The numerical modeling of TiN precipitation condition in 21Cr ultra-pure ferrite stainless steel was solved based on the basic solidification theory. Thermodynamic and kinetic formation conditions and precipitation laws of TiN were investigated theoretically. The findings showed that TiN is precipitated free in molten steel. Ti and N elements solute segregation occurs on the solid/liquid interface in the processing of solidification, which promote TiN precipitation starting as f s=0.15. The precipitate size of TiN is affected by Ti, N content, and cooling rate. TiN radius can be reduced by decreasing the initial content of Ti, N and increasing the solidification cooling rate, Ti, N element contents are more sensitive to the effect of TiN size, so the timing of the precipitation of TiN inclusions during solidification can be significantly delayed by reducing the initial content of N in molten steel. Therefore, the addition amount of Ti in molten steel can be adjusted to make the quantity and size of TiN more reasonable in manufacture. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The calculation method for influence of photovoltaic power generation system on three-phase voltage unbalance degree of distribution network CHEN Wei, NI Yuan-hong, JI Qing-chun, WANG Zhong-fei, HE Feng Journal of Lanzhou University of Technology    2023, 49 (2): 76-82.   Abstract （382）      PDF（pc） （1911KB）（448）       Knowledge map    Save Aiming at the deficiency of traditional deterministic power flow calculation in the evaluation of three-phase voltage unbalance caused by distributed photovoltaic power stations connected to the distribution network, a method based on multi-point linearization semi-invariant probabilistic power flow and importance sampling was proposed to evaluate the unbalance degree of distribution network. First, given the limitations of the Beta distribution, the adaptive nonparametric kernel density estimation method was adopted to characterize the photovoltaic output and load fluctuation random process to improve the modeling accuracy, and then the method of piecewise linearization semi-invariant was used to perform stochastic trend analysis to reduce the error due to uncertainty. Afterward, the mixed Copulas connect function was constructed to calculate the unbalance of the public connection point. Finally, the sampling method was used to get the mean value of unbalance degree for evaluation. In the end, the effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by the simulation analysis of the IEEE33 node system. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dynamic reliability study on driving transmission of mine dump truck wheel side reducer YIN Yu-xin, WEI Yong-qiao, LIU Yong-ping, YAN Chang-feng, XIE He-ping Journal of Lanzhou University of Technology    2022, 48 (5): 43-51.   Abstract （256）      PDF（pc） （2151KB）（447）       Knowledge map    Save The wheel reducer driving system is the core component of the wheel hub drive system, which reliability directly affects the operating reliability and working life of the entire drive system. In view of the deficiency that only single tooth surface failure or tooth root failure is considered in the reliability evaluation of the existing wheel reducer transmission system, a dynamic reliability calculation method considering the correlation between the two failures is proposed. Firstly, a stochastic model of the strength degradation of tooth surface and tooth root is established respectively on the premise of considering the strength degradation of gear material. Secondly, based on the stress-strength interference theory and the Monte Carlo method, the dynamic reliability curve of the gear considering the strength degradation is calculated for both types of failures. Thirdly, a mathematical model of the dynamic reliability of a single gear is derived based on Copula function. Finally, the theorem of Sklar is applied to describe the correlation of part failure processes to obtain a mathematical model of the dynamic reliability of the wheel reducer driving system. The results of verification by calculation example show that this method can reveal the relationship between the fatigue life of the system and that of each component under multiple failure modes and factors. This method can provide a theoretical basis for the reliability evaluation and prediction of the wheel reducer driving system. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hydrothermal preparation of nano-SnO 2 electrode materials and their lithium storage properties FAN Ying-qiang, CHEN Xiu-juan, WANG Lin-lin, WU Jia-kui Journal of Lanzhou University of Technology    2022, 48 (5): 15-20.   Abstract （267）      PDF（pc） （3150KB）（436）       Knowledge map    Save SnO 2 anode material was prepared by a simple hydrothermal method using SnCl 2·2H 2O, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) and Na 3C 6H 5O 7·2H 2O as the main raw materials. The composition and microscopic morphology of the prepared negative materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Theelectrochemical properties were also tested using galvanostatic charge/discharge (DC) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) methods. The results showed that the addition of PEG400 can effectively improve the surface morphology of SnO 2, reduce its agglomeration phenomenon and significantly improve the electrochemical properties. When the addition content was 10 mL, the synthesized SnO 2 has good cycling and multiplicative performance with a first discharge capacity of 2 774 mAh/g andthe discharge capacity of 600 mAh/g after 50 cycles, which was significantly higher than that of SnO 2 electrode materialsbefore the modification. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the effect of FeCr phase and AlCo phase in the friction process of AlCoCrCuFeNi high entropy alloy coating BIAN Chun-hua, YANG Wei-jie, ZHANG Wei, LI Qiu-da, WEN Jie, FENG Li Journal of Lanzhou University of Technology    2023, 49 (2): 9-16.   Abstract （196）      PDF（pc） （4925KB）（427）       Knowledge map    Save AlCoCrCuFeNi x(x=0.5,1) high-entropy alloy coating was prepared by cold spray-assisted in situ synthesis method, and the microstructure structure and friction and wear performance of the coating were characterized and tested. Then, the friction process of AlCo and FeCr phases in high entropy alloy coating was simulated by molecular dynamics method, and the influence of AlCo and FeCr phases on the friction properties of high entropy alloy coating was simulated and analyzed. The results showed that under the same friction conditions, the friction force exerted by the AlCo phase is greater than that exerted by the FeCr phase, and the wear of the AlCo phase is greater than that of the FeCr phase. The AlCo phase produces adhesion and desorption atoms during friction, resulting in an increase in the total friction force, while during the FeCr phase friction, no obvious adhesion atoms are found. An obvious dislocation structure is produced inside the AlCo phase, the total length of the dislocation continues to increase with the increase of the friction distance, and two mixed dislocation structures are produced in the final stage of friction, but no dislocation structure is found inside the FeCr phase. This shows that the FeCr has a greater contribution to the wear resistance of the AlCoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy coating. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on intelligent algorithm for remaining useful life prediction of relay protection equipment XIE Nan, MA Zhen-guo, TANG Bing, HUANG Yu-ming, ZHANG Ke-qi, CAO Dan-yi Journal of Lanzhou University of Technology    2023, 49 (2): 83-87.   Abstract （145）      PDF（pc） （1204KB）（418）       Knowledge map    Save Remaining useful life prediction can not only improve the maintenance efficiency of relay protection equipment of the power system but also enrich the full-lifecycle management of power equipment in the state grid. Based on the relay protection equipment of JC city power supply company and its characteristics of data, this paper defines the design life course and actual life course according to the variable installation date, damage date, current date, and design life related to attributes. Support vector regression(SVR), regression tree(RT), and random forest(RF) methods are used to predict the remaining useful life of unmonitored equipment. Case analysis shows that the prediction method of random forest performs best. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on output power modeling method of large wind turbine ZHANG Yan, MA Zhuang, DONG Bo, ZHENG Yu-qiao Journal of Lanzhou University of Technology    2023, 49 (4): 49-53.   Abstract （152）      PDF（pc） （2650KB）（409）       Knowledge map    Save The variation characteristics of input wind speed directly affect the output power modeling of wind turbine. In this paper, nonlinear least square method and differential evolution algorithm are used to calculate parameters, and Logistic function is used to model the output power of wind turbine, combined with the high accuracy of heuristic algorithms in finding the optimal construction. Then, the modeling accuracy of the three methods for output power model is compared. The results show that the nonlinear least squares method is more suitable for the calculation of the proposed model parameters. The high accuracy of the traditional output power model is derived from the artificially defined rated power value in the model, while the Logistic function output power model does not need to artificially define the rated power value, the modeling accuracy of which is better under the same conditions. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimal control of sensorless low speed operation of PMSM based on high frequency signal injection XIE Ping, BAO Guang-qing, QI Wu-gang, DU He-xuan Journal of Lanzhou University of Technology    2022, 48 (5): 85-91.   Abstract （434）      PDF（pc） （2459KB）（409）       Knowledge map    Save In the zero low speed operation control of sensorless permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM), the high frequency signal injection method is often used to track the position information, which will cause torque fluctuation and time delay. In this paper, a filter free rotor position identification method is proposed by combining sliding mode speed control and high frequency square wave signal injection. By increasing the frequency of square wave signal to the switching frequency of inverter and taking advantage of the characteristic that the fundamental wave signal cycle is far less than the high-frequency injection signal cycle, the signal separation in the traditional high-frequency signal injection is avoided through two current samples in the single high-frequency signal injection cycle. Meanwhile the filter is removed to effectively improve the system convergence speed. The simulation results show that compared with the traditional high-frequency signal injection method, the proposed method can achieve high-precision low-speed operation under sensorless control of PMSM, and has good steady-state characteristics and dynamic performance. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study on the mechanical properties of lime-fly ash-cement stabilized macadam JIA Liang, LIAN Shang-cheng Journal of Lanzhou University of Technology    2023, 49 (2): 125-129.   Abstract （216）      PDF（pc） （3126KB）（405）       Knowledge map    Save Lime-fly ash-ordinary portland cement stabilized macadam is a common pavement base material, but its early strength is low. So, it cannot be used for the opened traffic swiftly. In order to enhance the early strength of stabilized macadam, ordinary Portland cement is substituted by sulfoaluminate cement with equal quality. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and split tensile strength (STS) of two kinds of cement stabilized macadam were compared by unconfined compressive strength test (UCT) and split tensile strength test (STS). At the same time, experimental research on the influence of inorganic binder content, cement content and grade-pairing strength of the macadam was carried out. The results show that the UCS and STS of stabilized macadam increase with the increase of cement content and curing age. The UCS of lime-fly ash-sulfoaluminate cement stabilized gravel in the curing period of 1 day can reach to 2.28 MPa, which meets the requirements of the road base open traffic with the strength not decreasing in the later period.A new material for quick maintenance of pavement base course is provided here. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of homogenization treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-based medium entropy alloys ZHAO Yan-chun, SHI Zi-qiang, ZHANG Lin-hao, ZHANG Min-ya, KOU Sheng-zhong Journal of Lanzhou University of Technology    2023, 49 (1): 1-6.   Abstract （428）      PDF（pc） （4541KB）（402）       Knowledge map    Save The (Fe 63.3Mn 14Si 9.1Cr 9.8C 3.8) 98.5Y 1.5(Y=Cu、Ag)、(Fe 63.3Mn 14Si 9.1Cr 9.8C 3.8) 97Cu 1.5Ag 1.5 were prepared by water-cooled copper crucible magnetic levitation melting-copper mold negative pressure suction casting method.The effect of homogenization temperature and time on mechanical properties was studied by establishing the uniformization kinetic equation.(Fe 63.3Mn 14Si 9.1Cr 9.8C 3.8) 98.5Y 1.5(Y=Cu、Ag) and (Fe 63.3Mn 14Si 9.1Cr 9.8C 3.8) 97Cu 1.5Ag 1.5 medium entropy alloys were homogenized at 873, 973, 1 073, 1 173, 1 273 K, respectively. The relationshipwas investigatedbetween its organizational structure and compression performance. The results showed that the uniform distribution of alloying elements is applied and the segregation is significantly reduced, The homogenization alloy is phase stable and still has an fcc structure at 1 173 K, and the compressive mechanical properties of the entropy alloy of (Fe 63.3Mn 14Si 9.1Cr 9.8C 3.8) 97Cu 1.5Ag 1.5 is the best at 1 173 K, and the compressive strength and plastic strain were 3 992.4 MPa and 35.75%, respectively, and the experimental results were consistent with the calculational prediction of the equation of homogenization diffusion kinetics. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A secure face recognition scheme based on CKKS homomorphic encryption and neural network SU Yun-xuan, TU Zheng, WANG Xu-an, LIN Chuan Journal of Lanzhou University of Technology    2023, 49 (2): 103-109.   Abstract （510）      PDF（pc） （2072KB）（393）       Knowledge map    Save As big data technology has been evolving over the years, facial recognition is widely used in different fields. However, users are then troubled by safety problems, such as privacy disclosure and data leakage. A face recognition scheme based on homomorphic encryption and neural network under the cloud server is proposed in this paper. The face image is encrypted through the CKKS homomorphic encryption scheme, and the LFW data set is trained through the ResNet50 model and Arcface Loss function in the cloud server, then the vector correlation between the encrypted images is calculated, followed by the decryption of the ciphertext result and comparison with the threshold to judge whether it is the same person, to realize face recognition. The experiment result shows that on the LFW dataset, the scheme of this paper can recognize the cryptograph with an accuracy rate of 99.398% when the threshold value is about 0.25. This result proves the proposed scheme has high recognition accuracy. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of K 2ZrF 6 and EDTA-Na additives, voltage and their interactions on corrosion resistance of micro-arc oxidation coatings on magnesium alloys WANG Hao, MA Ying, WANG Zhan-ying, AN Ling-yun, LIU Yun-po Journal of Lanzhou University of Technology    2023, 49 (2): 1-8.   Abstract （315）      PDF（pc） （2644KB）（369）       Knowledge map    Save Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coatings were prepared on AZ91D magnesium alloys in alkaline phosphate-based electrolyte. The effects of the additives of K 2ZrF 6 and EDTA-Na, voltage, and their interactions on the coatings were studied based on orthogonal experiment. The thicknesses, morphologies and phase composition of the coatings were examined by using TT260 eddy-current coating thickness gauge, SEM and XRD, respectively. The corrosion resistance of the coatings in acidic media was evaluated by the HNO 3 spot test. The results showed that K 2ZrF 6, EDTA-Na, voltage and their interactions exhibit different effects on the thickness and corrosion resistance of MAO coatings. The effect of the loading voltage on the thickness and corrosion resistance of the coatings is significant. With the voltage increasing, the thickness and the corrosion resistance of the coatings are both improved significantly. The individual factor of K 2ZrF 6 has little effect on the coating thickness, but it exhibits a certain impact on corrosion resistance of the coatings. The individual factor of EDTA-Na has little effect on the coating thickness and corrosion resistance, While the interaction between K 2ZrF 6 and voltage is very significant, and the coatings with more excellent comprehensive properties can be obtained when a high concentration of K 2ZrF 6 and high concentration of EDTA-Na combine with high loading voltage. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of blade wrap angle on performance of constant head pump CHENG Xiao-rui, TIAN Long, LI Tian-peng, YANG Deng-feng Journal of Lanzhou University of Technology    2023, 49 (1): 61-68.   Abstract （313）      PDF（pc） （6240KB）（363）       Knowledge map    Save In order to study the influence of blade wrap angle on the performance of constant head pump, six impeller schemes with different blade wrap angle had been designed. Based on the Reynolds time-average N-S equation and the RNG k-ε turbulence model, the steady numerical calculation had been carried out, following the calculated results verified by experiments. The results show that before the cut-off flow, pump head decreases with the increase of the wrap angle. When the wrap angle of pump is 0 degree, the pump head is the largest. Under the schemes of 15 degrees, 30 degrees, and 45 degrees, the head of the pump is almost equal. When the wrap angle of pump is 60 degrees, pump has the smallest head, and the pump head decreases linearly with the increase of flow when the wrap angle is 75 degrees. The blade wrap angle has a significant influence on the efficiency of the pump. The pump efficiency in any scheme first increases and then decreases with the increase of flow, while the efficiency reaches its maximum value near the cut-off flow. Under the condition before the cut-off flow, the pump efficiency increases with the increase of the wrap angle, while after the cut-off flow, the larger the wrap angle is, the faster the efficiency decreases with the increase of the flow. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on mechanical characteristics of vascular bundle tower based on bamboo biological characteristics ZHENG Yu-ming, HE Zheng-wen Journal of Lanzhou University of Technology    2023, 49 (3): 49-54.   Abstract （163）      PDF（pc） （1677KB）（362）       Knowledge map    Save Bamboo has a strong survival ability, which is closely related to its unique biological structure. From a macroscopic perspective, the non-uniform distribution of bamboo nodules along the bamboo body is the most significant structural feature of bamboo, and the nodules increase the axial and radial compressive capacity of the bamboo material. The vascular bundle of bamboo nodes was further investigated from the microscopic point of view, and it was found that the vascular bundle of bamboo nodes was the main load-bearing structure of bamboo nodes. In consideration of the similarity between bamboo and wind turbine tower, the bamboo vascular bundle structure was applied to the tower structure to design the bamboo vascular bundle tower, and the static analysis of the bamboo vascular bundle tower and the conventional tower was carried out under the extreme working conditions. The results show that the maximum response stress of the bamboo vascular bundle tower is reduced by 22.12% and the maximum response displacement is reduced by 9.02% compared with the conventional tower, meaning that the bamboo vascular bundle structure improved the strength and stiffness of the bamboo vascular bundle tower. This study provides a theoretical basis for the practical engineering application of bamboo microstructure. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics